# WOIN

> Knowledge Sharing Platform for Industrial Automation & Instrumentation


## Posts

- [Best Resources to Learn Control Valve](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-resources-to-learn-control-valve/): There are multiple resources available to learn about control valves in this post I want to share with you the best resources among these. Control Valve is a very important final control element used in the industry and in this post, I will share with you the best resource to learn about Control Valve. The […]
- [List of Engineering Project Documents](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/list-of-engineering-project-documents/): Engineering Project Documents are very important in Engineering to complete the engineering project and especially in the industrial instrumentation and automation field. There are multiple types of documents created for executing and completing the project. When the project is delivered to the client some of the documents are followed for many uses like operation&Maintainece, and […]
- [Software used by EPC companies](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/software-used-by-epc-companies/): Many software is used by EPC companies to design and develop engineering projects. Having overall general information on this Software used by EPC companies gives you a huge advantage in your career. About EPC Companies EPC Companies stands for Engineering, Procurement, and Construction companies who are responsible for the design and development of engineering projects. […]
- [Knowledge required for starting Career in Instrumentation and control](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/knowledge-required-for-starting-career-in-instrumentation-and-control/): Based on my experience I want to share some Basic Knowledge required for starting a Career in Instrumentation and control, it will help you in your career. If you are fresher and looking for a job in the Instrumentation and control domain. in this post, I will share some information and my personal experience that […]
- [Learn Siemens TIA Portal for FREE in 2022](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/learn-siemens-tia-portal-for-free-in-2022/): In this post, I will share with you all the Best Resources to Learn Siemens TIA Portal for FREE in 2022. As a Fresher or Professional person Learning Siemens TIA Portal gives you a huge advantage. TIA (Totally Integrated Automation Portal) is a dedicated software solution provided by siemens for configuring and programming SIMATIC PLCs and […]
- [Learn PLC Programming in 2022](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/learn-plc-programming-in-2022/): Introduction: – According to online data PLC programmer’s salary is around 76000$/year in the USA. in this post, I will share some Best Resources to Learn PLC Programming in 2022 PLC programming skill is a very popular skill in automation. By learning PLC programming, you will get an extra advantage for getting your high-paid job. […]
- [What is the difference between Sensor, Transducer, and Transmitter?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-the-difference-between-sensor-transducer-and-transmitter/): Introduction In this post, I will try to completely resolve your doubts on What is the difference between Sensor, a Transducer, and Transmitter. For teaching this topic I will use practical examples so you can fully understand this topic. If you go through tons of articles, videos, and resources on the internet and are still […]
- [Top Organizations who make Standards for Industries](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-organizations-who-make-standards-for-industries/): Introduction: – Multiple organizations make standards and codes for industries to achieve Safety, Quality, and Performance. In this post, I am listing Top Organizations that make Standards for Industries. In this list, I only consider those organizations that made standards and it is accepted worldwide. There are many organizations founded by different countries and it […]
- [Best Podcast Channels on Industrial Automation in 2022](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-podcast-channels-on-industrial-automation-in-2022/): Many channels do podcasts that are related to industrial automation and it will be becoming popular nowadays. in this post, I will find out Best Podcast Channels on Industrial Automation in 2022. Introduction The podcast is a series of audio libraries that cover specific topics. Podcasts are now becoming a popular medium to get information […]
- [Best YouTube Channel for Learning Electrical and Electronics](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-youtube-channel-for-learning-electrical-and-electronics/): Introduction: – If you want to become a professional Instrumentation or automation engineer knowledge of electrical fundamentals is essential. In this post, I will suggest the Best YouTube Channel for Learning Electrical and Electronics. In my opinion, the best channel not only gives you fundamental knowledge but also gives visual explanations of topics. This is […]
- [How Transmitter generates 4-20mA Signal](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-transmitter-generate-4-20ma-signal/): Introduction in this post, I will show you How the Transmitter generates 4-20mA signals and How the Two-Wire Transmitter works. As you know in industry 4-20mA standard signal is used for transmitting analog value from transmitter to Analog card. I am always curious to know how a 4-20mA signal is generated by the transmitter and […]
- [How to Download Allen Bradley plc software for FREE](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-download-allen-bradley-plc-software-for-free/): In this post, I will show step by step guide on How to Download Allen Bradley plc software for FREE. Allen Bradly is a brand of Rockwell automation known as a famous PLC brand in the world. for programming Allen Bradley PLC, you have to purchase software licenses. Rockwell automation provides Studio5000 software for programming […]
- [Powerful and Affordable SCADA software](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/powerful-and-affordable-scada-software/): When talking about SCADA software there is one name that is showing nowadays and is becoming more and more popular and it is Factory Studios by Tatsoft – Fastest Growing SCADA. so, in this post, we talk about Factory Studio by Tatsoft – Powerful and Affordable SCADA software. Introduction of Factory Studio Factory Studio SCADA […]
- [Best SCADA software](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-scada-software/): SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. In this post, I will show you How Ignition SCADA by inductive Automation is the best SCADA software available in the market. There are multiple vendors of SCADA software available on the market but in terms of the Best SCADA software Ignition, SCADA is the best option […]
- [Best YouTube Channels to Learn Automation and Instrumentation](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-youtube-channels-to-learn-automation-and-instrumentation/): YouTube is a free platform for visual learning. In this post I recommend the Best YouTube Channels to Learn Automation and Instrumentation. It will help you to improve your knowledge of the Automation and Instrumentation domain. Here are the Best YouTube Channels to Learn Automation and Instrumentation 1. RSP Supply RSP Supply Topics to Learn […]
- [Minimum Computer Specifications for Automation Engineers](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/minimum-computer-specifications-for-automation-engineers/): Introduction: – As an Automation Engineer, you must have a capable Computer or Laptop that handles all the workload given to you. And I want to suggest Minimum Computer Specifications for Automation Engineers. Being an automation engineer you must work on different software that is used for PLC programming and other device configuration-related work. Based […]
- [PLCnext a NextGen PLC Technology](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/plcnext-a-nextgen-plc-technology/): Introduction: – PLCnext Technologic is NextGen PLC Technology by PHOENIX CONTACT. This PLC series is specifically made for meeting the challenges of future industrial automation. PLCnext Technology is an open IIOT-ready PLC solution for future automation needs. And it comes with a free programming software package. This PLC series comes with many inbuilt features that […]
- [Books related to Electrical and Instrumentation Fundamentals](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/books-related-to-electrical-and-instrumentation-fundamentals/): Introduction: – If you are an Electrical or Instrumentation engineer you must have strong electrical fundamental knowledge. in this post, I will recommend some Books related to Electrical and Instrumentation Fundamentals. I am not telling you that you have all the knowledge about the electrical sector but you must have basic knowledge of electrical fundamentals. […]
- [Affordable PLCs for Beginners](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/affordable-plcs-for-beginners/): Introduction: – As an instrument and control engineer, you know PLC. For betting understanding of PLC, you have actual hardware in your hand. In this post, I will show you a list of affordable PLCs for beginners. If you are a beginner in the automation field then in this post, I will suggest some cheap […]
- [Free online course on PROFIBUS by PI North America](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/free-online-course-on-profibus-by-pi-north-america/): Introduction: – PROFIBUS is a very widely used industrial Fieldbus communication protocol. in this, I will show you how to grab a free online course on PROFIBUS by PI North America. PI North America is a nonprofit organization responsible for designing and developing Fieldbus standards like PROFIBUS, PROFINET, IO-LINK, and OMLOX. Over 100 million PROFINET […]
- [How to Download Siemens TIA Portal 17 for FREE](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-download-siemens-tia-portal-17-for-free/): Siemens released a new version of the TIA portal. in this post, I will show you How to Download Siemens TIA Portal 17 for FREE. TIA Portal is a complete software package provided by Siemens that completes all your automation needs from OT to IT. Siemens provides a 21-day trial version of this software for […]
- [Free Software for Simulation and Modeling](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/free-software-for-simulation-and-modeling/): Introduction: – On this page, I will regularly share free and open-source software and how to download them online. it might be helpful to you so this is the Free software for simulation and modeling. If you are a student or a fresh person from an engineering background it will help. and if you have […]
- [Free Online Course on HART Protocol](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/free-online-course-on-hart-protocol/): HART is a very widely accepted industrial communication protocol with over a 50million HART enable devices mounted in this field till 2018. so, in this post, I will share how to grab the free online course on HART protocol. And you can feel shocked after knowing the HART enables devices to cover 60% of markets […]
- [How Flow Computer Work](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-flow-computer-work/): Introduction: – Accurate Flow measurement is a very important and difficult task for process industries. in this post, I will give you How Flow computers Work to measure Accurate Flow. There are many methods for measuring flow in process industries. Now you think that flow transmitters are given direct data of flow then why do […]
- [Interview Questions related to Instrumentation and Automation](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/interview-questions-related-to-instrumentation-and-automation/): Introduction This post is based on my latest interview experience. In this post, you can find Interview Questions related to Instrumentation and Automation. If you give the right answer to these questions, it will give you an unfair advantage in the interview. so, I will provide how to give answers to it. Maybe in your […]
- [Learn about Ethernet-APL Protocol](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/learn-about-ethernet-apl-protocol/): Ethernet-APL is one of these protocols introduced recently for industrial applications. in this post, I will give you information about What is Ethernet-APL. Many protocols are used in industries, for communication between field sensors and controllers. Many ethernet-based protocols are already available in industries but this newly introduced protocol has more functionality and improvements. Top […]
- [Interview Questions on Instrumentation Part-2](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/interview-questions-on-instrumentation-part-2/): In this post, I will share with you the top Interview Questions on Instrumentation Part-2. You can find interview questions related to Instrumentation. 1. What is the difference between Analytical Instruments and Measurement Instruments? Ans: – Analytical type instruments measure the composition of elements present, in particular, medium or sample. example: – an O2 analyzer […]
- [Free Resources to Learn Process Measurement](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/free-resources-to-learn-process-measurement/): Measurement of process parameters is a very important part of industrial automation. in this post, I share Free Resources to Learn Process Measurement. And if you are beginning your career in industrial automation, understanding process instruments gives you an advantage in your automation career. Types of process instruments Process instruments are mainly divided into two […]
- [Industrial Robot | Top Manufacturers of Industrial Robot](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/industrial-robot-top-manufacturers-of-industrial-robot/): Introduction: – The industrial robot is now becoming the replacement for Humans. By implementing robots in plant facilities companies can now achieve better accuracy and quality of products by minimizing human interaction. In this post, I will give you information on Industrial Robots | Top manufacturers of industrial Robots. The concept of industry 4.0 is […]
- [Top Automation Integrators in the world](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-automation-integrators-in-the-world/): Introduction: – Automation Integrators are responsible for the design and development of automation systems. In this post, I listed all the Top Automation Integrators in the world. Automation Integrator Companies use their years of experience and technical team expertise in the automation domain. Types of system integration: – System integration projects are divided into three […]
- [What is VFD? |Top VFD Manufacturers | VFD Buying guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-vfd-top-vfd-manufacturers-vfd-buying-guide/): Introduction What is VFD? VFDs are a very important part of the industry. There are many reasons why VFD is used in industries in this post I will share What is VFD? |Top VFD Manufacturers | VFD Buying guide VFD is not only used for industrial applications but is also used in commercial applications like […]
- [What is OPC-UA | How is it used in the industry?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-opc-ua-how-is-it-used-in-the-industry/): Introduction: – OPC-UA is an open standard cross-platform communication protocol in this post you can find What is OPC-UA | How is it used in the industry? The full form of OPC-UA is Open Platform Communication- Unified Architecture it is a communication protocol that is specially designed to remove industrial communication complexity and transfer data […]
- [How to Upgrade your Standard HMI to High Performance HMI?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-upgrade-your-standard-hmi-to-high-performance-hmi/): Introduction: – In this post, I will give you some tips about How to Upgrade your Standard HMI to High-Performance HMI? HMI (Human Machine Interface) is a very important part of any industrial automation not because it provides a graphical representation of all plant processes but also indirectly responsible for improving plant efficiency by providing […]
- [How 5G Technology is Helping to Evolve Industrial Automation?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-5g-technology-is-helping-to-evolve-industrial-automation/): Introduction: – You probably all heard about 5G technology. 5G is the fifth generation of cellular network communication. so, in this, we will try to provide information that how 5G technology not only helps to transform cellular communication but it is also helping to evolve industrial automation. Now the operator can see plant real-time data […]
- [Top Control Valve Manufacturers in the World](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-control-valve-manufacturers-in-the-world/): Control Valves Basic: – Control valves are an essential part of any industry. In this post, I will share who are the Top Control Valve Manufacturers in the World. It can used for the final control element or for safety relief and used to regulate or manipulate the flow of fluids, such as gas, oil, […]
- [Interview Questions on Automation Part-1](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/interview-questions-on-automation-part-1/): Introduction This is our second post regarding the most asked interview question answers for instrumentation and control or industrial automation. In this post, you can find Interview Questions on Automation Part-1. 1. Difference between PLC and DCS? Ans: – Check out the whole post on this topic https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-a-difference-between-plc-scada-and-dcs/ 2. What is the difference between SCADA […]
- [Best Free and Paid Resources for Learn PLC programming](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-free-and-paid-resources-for-learn-plc-programming/): Introduction: – According to online data PLC programmer’s salary is around 76000$/year in the USA. in this article, I will share some Best free and paid resources for learning PLC programming. PLC programming skill is a very popular skill in automation engineering. By learning PLC programming, you will get an extra advantage for getting your […]
- [What is Instrumentation Engineering and what do Instrumentation Engineers do?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-instrumentation-engineering-and-what-do-instrumentation-engineers-do/): Introduction: – In this article, I will give you information about What is an Instrumentation Engineer and an instrumentation engineer do? As an instrumentation and control engineer, I will try to solve all doubts and remove your confusion about this topic. When you are talking about engineering you may guess these popular branches like Computer […]
- [How to Download and Learn Siemens TIA Portal V16 Trial Version](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-download-and-learn-siemens-tia-portal-v16-trial-version/): TIA (Totally Integrated Automation Portal) is a dedicated software solution provided by Siemens. In this article, I will show you How to download and Learn Siemens TIA Portal V16 for Trial Version. Warming (* don’t use it in a commercial project without a license). TIA (Totally Integrated Automation Portal) is a dedicated software solution provided […]
- [What is HART Protocol | How it is used in industries?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-hart-protocol-how-it-is-used-in-industries/): Introduction: – HART is a Highway Addressable Remote Transducer. In this article, I will give you basic knowledge about What is HART Protocol | How it is used in industries. HART is an open communication protocol used in Industry to transmit process data to the controller. HART uses FSK (Frequency Shift keying) for superimposing digital […]
- [Interview Questions on Instrumentation Part-1](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/interview-questions-on-instrumentation-part-1/): Introduction: – All listed questions are based on my own interview experience. So here are the Top Interview Questions on Instrumentation Part 1. My goal is to make instrument engineers capable enough to get their field jobs. In this move, I will try to give all the materials and references for getting your best job […]
- [Process Parameters that Commonly Measured in Industry](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/process-parameters-that-commonly-measured-in-industry/): Introduction Measurement of different process parameters is an essential part of industrial automation. In this post, I will give you some knowledge about the Top major Process Parameters that are Commonly Measured in Industry. Some of the process parameters are most commonly measured and controlled in industry. Process parameters measured in the industry are divided […]
- [What is MQTT? and its Importance in Modern Industries?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-mqtt-and-its-importance-in-modern-industries/): Introduction: – Now MQTT messaging platform if become more popular in IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things). So, in this article, I will give you knowledge about “what is MQTT and its importance in modern industries”? The full form of MQTT is Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. MQTT is an OASIS standard messaging protocol set for wireless […]
- [Difference Between PLC, SCADA and DCS](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/difference-between-plc-scada-and-dcs/): Introduction: – Many of you are confused about what is the difference between PLC, SCADA, and DCS. By using my Engineering knowledge, I will resolve all your confusion on PLC/SCADA and DCS. Some of the articles on the internet make you more confused on this topic. And the articles had been written using hard language […]
- [PLC programming Languages and its Applications?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/plc-programming-languages-and-its-applications/): Introduction: – Programming of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is a very essential part of industrial automation systems. in this article, I will give you an overview of all PLC programming languages and their applications. IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) provided standards for PLC programming languages. As you know PLC is an industrial-grade computer. PLC is flexible […]
- [What is MES (Manufacturing Execution System) Software?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-mes-manufacturing-execution-system-software/): Introduction: – In this article, I will give you some basic knowledge about MES (Manufacturing Execution System) software used in the industry. MES software is used in higher-level industrial automation for the execution of operations and has improved the production output of the company. MES software is company-level software that manages and displays an overview […]
- [What is HMI | Vendors of HMI](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-hmi-vendors-of-hmi/): Introduction: – HMI stands for Human Machine Interface. In this post, you can find out all about What is HMI | Vendors of HMI. HMI provides a platform for humans to interact or communicate with machines, systems, and other devices. HMI is also Known by different names as given below. HMIs come in many types […]
- [FREE to use PLC Programming Software](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/free-to-use-plc-programming-software/): Introduction: – In this article, I will show you free-to-use PLC programming software for learning basic PLC programming. PLC programming is a very important part of industrial automation, and that’s why the PLC programming skill will give you extra career height in automation-related jobs. As a student, PLC programming skills give you advantages in your […]
- [Top DCS systems in the World](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-dcs-systems-in-the-world/): Introduction It’s a distributed control system. After some research, I figured out the top DCS systems in the world like Yokogawa, ABB, GE, etc. As the name suggests, a distributed control system (DCS) is a computerized control system for a process or plant usually with many control loops. The number of loops in one DCS system is not predefined, it is dependent […]
- [How to Download SCADA software for FREE](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-download-scada-software-for-free/): Introduction: – SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. So, in this post, I will share How to Download SCADA software for FREE. SCADA is an advanced-level process automation technology used in the industry for controlling more complex and distributed processes. SCADA is also defined as a Combination of Hardware and Software approaches for […]
- [Best Books for Instrument and Control Engineers](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-books-for-instrument-and-control-engineers/): In this post, I will show you the best must-read books available for instrument and control engineering
- [Industrial Communication Protocols](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/industrial-communication-protocols/): Industrial communication is a very important part of industrial automation. In this, you can find Industrial Communication | Types of Fieldbus Protocols.
- [Top PLC Brands and Manufacturers in the World](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-plc-brands-and-manufacturers-in-the-world/): PLC stands for Programmable Logic Controller. In this post, you can find a list of Top PLC Brands and Manufacturers in the World.
- [Top Companies in the Automation Field](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-companies-in-the-automation-field/): Explore top companies in the automation industry, and get insights into the companies shaping the future of automation.
- [Introduction to Control System | Open and Close Loop Control](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/introduction-to-control-system-open-loop-and-close-loop/): in this article, I will give Introduction to Control System | Open and Closed Loop Control
- [About the World of Instrumentation](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/about-woin/): The WOIN-Word of Instrumentation website is a comprehensive resource that offers valuable information to both fresher and experienced instrumentation and control engineers.
- [Junction Box (JB) Grouping: Practical Guidelines for Instrumentation Design](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/junction-box-jb-grouping-practical-guidelines-for-instrumentation-design/): Junction Box (JB) grouping looks like a simple instrumentation design activity, but it can become a major source of rework during the later stages of an EPC project. A poorly planned JB grouping philosophy can result in: The basic principle is simple: Group instruments logically, not merely geographically. The uploaded JB Grouping Checklist highlights several important considerations that should be addressed before the JB layout, cable schedule and termination design become frozen. This WOIN guide converts those points into a practical engineering approach that instrumentation designers can apply during project execution. 1. What Is JB Grouping? A Junction Box provides an […]
- [Orifice Plate Pressure Loss vs Differential Pressure: What's the Difference?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/orifice-plate-pressure-loss-vs-differential-pressure-whats-the-difference/): When working with an orifice flow meter, two pressure terms are used very frequently: Differential Pressure (ΔP) and Permanent Pressure Loss. They are related, but they are not the same thing. Understanding this difference is important not only for flow-meter sizing, but also for evaluating the energy impact of an orifice meter on the process. What is Differential Pressure (ΔP)? An orifice plate creates a restriction in the pipeline. As the fluid passes through the restriction, its velocity increases and the static pressure decreases. The pressure difference between the specified upstream and downstream pressure taps is called differential pressure. In simple […]
- [What Functional Safety Certification Really Teaches You](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-functional-safety-certification-really-teaches-you/): I used to think a functional safety certification was mostly a resume line — proof you sat through a course and passed a test. Then I actually looked into what these exams test, and separately, started paying real attention to what I could and couldn’t spot in a Functional Safety certificate myself. The gap between the two was bigger than I expected. A certification doesn’t hand you new eyes. But the process of earning one — properly — rewires what you notice by default when you’re staring at a Safety Manual or a “Scope and Result” section. This is my attempt […]
- [Procurement cycle for an instrumentation package](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/procurement-cycle-for-an-instrumentation-package/): If you’ve sat through an interview for an I&C or procurement engineering role, you’ve probably heard some version of this question: “Walk me through the procurement cycle for an instrumentation package — from requisition to vendor selection.” It sounds simple. Most candidates fumble it anyway, because they describe it as one flat step instead of a cycle with clear stages — floating the RFQ, evaluating what comes back, closing technical queries, building a multi-vendor TBE, and getting that TBE approved before it ever reaches the commercial team. I’ve sat on both sides of this now, and the projects that run smoothly […]
- [Thermowell Danger Zones: A Design Engineer's Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/thermowell-danger-zones-a-design-engineers-guide/): ASME PTC 19.3TW sets two thermowell frequency danger zones, not one. Here’s the resonance physics, the 1995 reactor case, and when limits don’t apply. Run a wake frequency calculation (WFC) on a thermowell and ASME PTC 19.3TW hands you one instruction: keep the frequency ratio below 0.8, and stay out of the 0.4 to 0.6 band entirely. Most engineers treat these as arbitrary safety numbers and move on. They aren’t arbitrary. Each limit traces back to a specific physical failure mechanism, and one of them is tied to a reactor shutdown that lasted 15 years. Here’s why both limits exist, what […]
- [Control System Engineering Vendor Deliverable List](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/control-system-engineering-vendor-deliverable-list/): One of the first things I do at the start of any control system project is sit down with the vendor’s proposed document submission list and compare it against my own checklist. More often than not, something is missing. Sometimes it is the Nest Loading document. Sometimes the ITP never gets raised until FAT week. And in a few cases, the vendor arrived on site without a proper SAT Procedure — expecting to run acceptance testing on a live plant from memory. Every one of those situations is avoidable. This article is a focused checklist of vendor engineering deliverables only — […]
- [The Complete Guide to Industrial Instrumentation and Control Standards](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/the-complete-guide-to-industrial-instrumentation-and-control-standards/): Introduction As you know, adhering to internationally recognized standards is one of the most critical tasks in Instrumentation and Control engineering. Getting your standard codes right for everything from P&ID development to final commissioning can make or break a robust, safe facility. In this article, I will walk you through a comprehensive directory of the critical standards governing our field, categorized by their specific applications. 1. Control Systems and Architectures The foundational intelligence of any automated plant relies heavily on strict protocols for reliability, testing, and programming. 2. Control Centers and Ergonomics Human-Machine Interface (HMI) environments must be designed to minimize […]
- [AI for Instrumentation Engineers: A Practical Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/ai-for-instrumentation-engineers-a-practical-guide/): Every week, I was manually calculating pressure gauge ranges — one by one, for every single tag on the instrument list. It wasn’t until I started exploring AI for instrumentation engineers that I built a small app to do the entire batch in one shot. That one change saved me hours across a project. That’s when I realised — AI isn’t a threat to core engineers. It’s the sharpest tool you’re not using yet. Then I built a small AI-assisted app that does the entire batch in one shot. That one change saved me hours across a project. That’s when I […]
- [Instrumentation Engineer Salary in USA — 2026](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/instrumentation-engineer-salary-in-usa-2026/): In this article, I want to share something that has frustrated me for a long time — the salary data available for instrumentation engineers in the USA is almost entirely wrong.Not wrong in a small way. Wrong in a $20,000 to $30,000 way. Every article you find online recycles the same figures from Glassdoor or Indeed. Nobody explains which government classification code they used. Nobody breaks it down by the industries that actually hire I&C engineers. And nobody mentions the oil and gas premium that any practitioner in this field knows is real. This article is different. I pulled the numbers […]
- [Control Valve Review — A Practical Engineer's Checklist](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/control-valve-review-a-practical-engineers-checklist/): Control valve review checklist point wise in depth  
- [Free to use Orifice Sizing tool](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/free-to-use-orifice-sizing-tool/): In this article, I will show you how you can use a completely free online sizing tool for Differential Pressure (DP) Flow measurement — specifically for orifice plates and other primary elements — provided by Emerson (Rosemount). As you know, correctly sizing an orifice plate is one of the most critical tasks in flow measurement. Getting the beta ratio, differential pressure, and straight run requirements right can make or break your measurement accuracy. Having access to a reliable, free sizing tool is a huge advantage — whether you are a seasoned instrument design engineer or a fresh graduate. In this article, […]
- [Understanding the Pump Curve](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/understanding-the-pump-curve/): Understanding the Pump Curve | World of Instrumentation 01 What Is a Pump Curve? Every centrifugal pump has a personality. That personality is captured in a single graphical document supplied by the vendor before the pump ever ships to site: the pump performance curve. At its core, the pump curve is a plot of Total Dynamic Head (TDH) against volumetric flow rate (Q). But a complete performance chart overlays three distinct curves on the same axes: 📈 H–Q Curve Head delivered vs. flow rate. Defines the pump’s hydraulic capability. Always slopes downward from left to right. ⚡ η–Q Curve Pump efficiency […]
- [Next-Generation Pressure Measurement: Yokogawa EJX S Series vs. Emerson Rosemount 4051S](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/next-generation-pressure-measurement-yokogawa-ejx-s-series-vs-emerson-rosemount-4051s/): Executive Summary Both Yokogawa and Emerson launched their most advanced pressure measurement platforms simultaneously in 2025–2026. The Yokogawa EJX S Series (February 2026) and Emerson Rosemount 4051S (October 2025) each deliver a genuine generational leap over their predecessors. They offer ±0.025% reference accuracy, 20-year stability specifications, and vastly improved rangeability, diagnostics, and digital connectivity. Background Context on Pressure Measurement A pressure measurement device measures the pressure difference between two process points and converts it to a standard output. The same physical measurement principle supports a remarkably wide range of applications, including flow measurement across a restriction element, hydrostatic liquid level, interface […]
- [Flow Meter Verification: A Complete Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/flow-meter-verification-a-complete-guide/): Introduction When an orifice flow meter is installed, we usually assume it is compliant because: However, both ISO 5167 and AGA-3 / API MPMS 14.3 make one thing very clear: The validity of the flow equation depends on proper installation. The discharge coefficient values provided in these standards are valid only if the geometry and installation conditions meet specified limits. This article explains a practical, step-by-step method to verify compliance — starting from a P&ID and ending with a documented technical conclusion. Flow Meter Verification Method Based on ISO 5167 & AGA-3 Step 1 – Confirm Which Standard Applies Before checking […]
- [API MPMS 14.3/AGA-3 vs ISO 5167 – What Is the Practical Difference for Engineers?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/api-mpms-14-3-aga-3-vs-iso-5167-what-is-the-practical-difference-for-engineers/): Introduction If you work with orifice flow meters, you’ve likely encountered two major standards: They are describe how to measure flow using differential pressure devices. Both look technically similar. Both are widely accepted. But here’s the important question: What is the real, practical difference between AGA-3 and ISO 5167 for engineers in the field? This article explains the difference in simple, practical terms — not theory. First, What Are These Standards? AGA-3 (API MPMS 14.3) AGA Report No. 3, published by the American Gas Association and adopted as API MPMS Chapter 14.3, is primarily focused on: It is heavily used in: […]
- [Orifice Flow Meters: Importance of Straight Pipe Length](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/orifice-flow-meters-importance-of-straight-pipe-length/): Introduction If you work with orifice flow meters, you have definitely heard this: “Ensure proper upstream and downstream straight length.” But what does that really mean? Why do we need it?How much is enough?And what actually happens if it’s not available? This article explains upstream and downstream straight pipe length in simple words, without equations — just practical understanding. What Is Straight Length? Straight length simply means: A section of pipe with no fittings, no bends, no valves, and no disturbances. It is the clean, undisturbed pipe section before and after the orifice plate. Why is it required? Because an orifice […]
- [Why Orifice Flow Meters Fail in Real Plants (Even When Designed as per Standard)](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/why-orifice-flow-meters-fail-in-real-plants-even-when-designed-as-per-standard/): Introduction Orifice flow meters are among the most commonly used flow measurement devices in oil & gas and process industries. They are simple, well-standardized, and widely accepted for both process and custody transfer applications. Yet, in real plants, many orifice meters do not perform as expected, even when: This article explains why orifice flow meters fail in actual plant conditions, focusing on practical reasons rather than equations. How an Orifice Flow Meter Works (In Reality) In theory, an orifice meter works by: However, the equations assume ideal conditions, such as: In real plants, these assumptions are often not fully met, which […]
- [The Incredible Journey of a P&ID: From First Sketch to Final Blueprint](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/the-incredible-journey-of-a-pid-from-first-sketch-to-final-blueprint/): Introduction: What is a P&ID and Why is it the Heart of a Project? It would be impossible! 🏗️ In the world of large-scale engineering, a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) serves as the master blueprint and detailed instruction manual for an entire facility. 🏭 Imagine trying to build a complex machine with thousands of parts—like a car engine or a computer—with only a vague sketch. Whether it’s a refinery or a chemical plant, the P&ID shows how every piece of equipment, every pipe, and every control instrument connects. It is the single source of truth for the project. 🗺️ This […]
- [Best Practices for Installing a Thermowell](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-practices-for-installing-a-thermowell/): Temperature measurement in industrial piping is not just about inserting a sensor — it also depends critically on where and how a Thermowell is installed. The installation location greatly affects measurement accuracy, sensor lifetime, and process safety. This article explains the recommended thermowell-installation practices and guidance drawn from recent industry discussion (e.g. from ASME PTC 19.3 TW-2010) along with practical positioning advice. What is a Thermowell — and Why Installation Location Matters A thermowell is essentially a hollow protective sheath — a metal tube — permanently installed in a pipe or vessel. A temperature sensor (like a thermometer, RTD or thermocouple) […]
- [How to select Range of Pressure Gauge](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-select-range-of-pressure-gauge/): 🧠 Introduction Selecting the right pressure gauge range is a fundamental step in instrumentation engineering. A properly sized gauge ensures accurate readings, protects the instrument from overload, and increases operational safety. This updated guide presents a simple and effective method to choose the correct range for any application. ⚠️ Why Is Pressure Gauge Range Selection Important? Incorrect range selection can: Right range selection ensures: ⭐ Understanding Pressure Gauge Range A pressure gauge is designed to operate safely within its full-scale (FS) range. If the gauge operates too close to its maximum limit, the Bourdon tube can deform, resulting in permanent damage […]
- [Instrument Hookup Design – Guide for Beginners & Professionals](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/instrument-hookup-design-guide-for-beginners-professionals/): Introduction In the world of process instrumentation, the instrument hookup drawing is one of the most critical deliverables. It bridges the gap between design and construction, ensuring that technicians on the ground correctly install transmitters, manifolds, mounting supports, and wiring. Without a clear hookup design, you risk installation, safety hazards, or maintenance nightmares later. In this article, I’ll walk you through the philosophy, best practices, and steps for creating a robust instrument hook-up—drawing from real engineering experiences. What Is an Instrument Hookup? An instrument hook-up is a detailed installation diagram used to show how an instrument is to be installed in […]
- [Instrument Cable Sizing: A Practical Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/instrument-cable-sizing-a-practical-guide/): In this article i will cover how to do instrument cable sizing with a very basic and practical approach. Introduction In the world of industrial automation and process control, instrument cables are the nervous system, transmitting vital signals between field devices and control systems. The reliability and accuracy of your instrumentation depend heavily on the proper functioning of these cables. One of the most critical aspects of ensuring this reliability is correct instrument cable sizing. When it comes to instrument cable sizing calculation there is no clear articles are available on the internet. Instrument Cable Sizing Calculation Instrument cable sizing is […]
- [Learn PLC programming in 2025](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/learn-plc-programming-in-2025/): Introduction: – 2025 is here, according to online data (Indeed) PLC programmer’s salary is between $67,149 to $127,590 per year per year in the USA. in this post, I will share some Best Resources to Learn PLC Programming in 2025. PLC programming skill is a very popular skill in automation. By learning this skill, you will get an extra advantage for getting your high-paid job. There are two ways to learn plc programming one is paid and the other is free. The paid way is better because you get quality content and a much deeper explanation about plc programming and other […]
- [How to Download Siemens TIA Portal V20 trial version](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-download-siemens-tia-portal-v20-trial-version/): Siemens TIA Portal V20 is now available. In this post, I will show you the process of downloading the Siemens TIA portal V20 Trail version. TIA Portal is a complete software package provided by Siemens that completes all your automation needs from OT to IT. Siemens provides a 21-day trial version of this software for free. TIA (Totally Integrated Automation Portal) is a dedicated software solution provided by Siemens for configuring and programming SIMATIC PLCs and other Siemens products like HMI, Motor Drive, SCADA, etc. What’s New in TIA Portal V20? Support for the latest PLCs ensures compatibility and increases performance […]
- [Control valve accessories](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/control-valve-accessories/): Hello everyone! Today’s article will discuss control valve accessories, which are important for beginners and engineers with 2-3 years of experience. Control Valve Accessories The list of control valve accessories Let’s take a quick look at control valve accessories, which can be used with on-off valves as well. 1. Air filter regulator An air filter regulator (AFR) is used in valve inlets to remove dirt particles and maintain air pressure for valve operation in instrument air inlet lines. 2. Handwheel The handwheel is a commonly used component in valves. Its main function is to manually operate the valve when the valve […]
- [Difference between Validation and Calibration](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/difference-between-validation-and-calibration/): In this article, we will study what is the difference between validation and calibration and how it is different. Introduction Welcome everyone again to this new article. We use calibration wrongly many times. But we think that we are using the term correctly. So, we will continue to the article and see the correct meaning of both validation and calibration. Difference between calibration and Validation What is Validation? The term validation is used by engineers to know the status of any equipment or instrument after the test on the equipment or the instrument is conducted. If we talk about Instrumentation & […]
- [Orifice flow meter sizing](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/orifice-flow-meter-sizing/): In this article, I would like to share with you my personal experience of Orifice flow meter sizing. Introduction The orifice flow meter is one of the most commonly used flow-measuring devices in the industry. They operate on the principle of placing a restriction in the line to cause a differential pressure head. The differential pressure, which is caused by the head, is measured and converted to a flow measurement. There are two elements in the Orifice flow meter, the primary element (orifice plate) is the restriction in the line, and the secondary element is the differential pressure measuring device (DP […]
- [How to Troubleshoot Pressure and Temperature Gauges](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-pressure-and-temperature-gauges/): In this article, you will find how you can troubleshoot the Pressure and Temperature Gauges problems and do the maintenance. Introduction Gauges are used everywhere in a plant. We face regular problems in the pressure gauge and temperature gauge in the plant. We will see in this article the maintenance jobs which come in a pressure gauge and temperature gauge. Pressure gauge-related maintenance jobs. Problem> Pressure gauge always showing 0 Solutions: Problem> Pressure gauge always showing a low value Solutions: Problem> Pressure gauge showing high value Solutions: Problem> Pressure gauge value fluctuating very high Solution: Temperature gauge related maintenance jobs. Problem> […]
- [Instruments used for field instrument Maintenance](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/instruments-used-for-field-instrument-maintenance/): In this article, I will list out a list of instruments that are used by instrument engineers in Field instrument Maintenance. Introduction Hello guys. Welcome to this new article with all new content. As an Instrument Engineer, you might have faced confusion in selecting a proper Test and Calibrating Instrument at some point in your career. This article is specifically for beginners and for engineers with intermediate experience to learn about all the Test and Calibrating Instruments used by Instrument Engineers. I will first list down all the Test and Calibrating Instruments and then I will discuss their application with different […]
- [How to Troubleshoot VMS (Vibration Monitoring System)](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-vms-vibration-monitoring-system/): Troubleshoot VMS
- [How to Troubleshoot Non-contact type level transmitters.](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-non-contact-type-level-transmitters/): In this article, you will find how you can troubleshoot non-contact type level transmitters with each problem and its solutions. Introduction Hello guys. Today we will learn about the maintenance jobs on the non-contact type level transmitters. We use 2 types of non-contact type level transmitters for measuring the level. And face problems with both levels of transmitters. We will see the maintenance jobs for non-contact type level transmitters. Problem> Level transmitter showing continuously 100 % value but the actual level is not 100 % Solutions: Problem> Level transmitter showing incorrect value Solutions: Problem> Level transmitter showing continuously 0 % but […]
- [How to Troubleshoot Gas Detectors](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-gas-detectors/): In this article, you will find how you can troubleshoot Gas Detectors with each problem and its solutions. Introduction Welcome again to this new article on maintenance jobs. In this article, we will see the maintenance jobs on gas detectors. Different gas detectors are available like All these gas detectors are installed in areas where gas leakage chances are possible. Problem> Gas detector showing some value when there is no gas leakage Solutions: Problem> Gas detector not responding to gas leakages Solutions: EndNote I hope these resources and Knowledge will be helpful for Troubleshoot Gas Detectors And I continue to make […]
- [How to Troubleshoot Conductivity Analyzer](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-conductivity-analyzer/): In this article, you will find how you can troubleshoot a conductivity analyzer with each problem and its solutions. Introduction Hello everyone. We have seen many maintenance-related articles. I hope you have learned from them all. I will surely continue the maintenance-related articles. Today in this article we will see the maintenance jobs on the conductivity analyzer. We will now see what can be problems in the conductivity analyzer and how can we solve them. Problem> Conductivity analyzer showing the constant value Solutions: Problem> Conductivity analyzer showing low-value or high-value Solutions: Problem> Conductivity analyzer value fluctuating Solutions: Problem> pH analyzer value […]
- [How to Troubleshoot MOV](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-mov/): In this article, you will find how you can troubleshoot MOV with each problem and its solutions. Introduction Welcome guys. Today we will see the maintenance jobs on MOV. MOVs are used in large pipelines. The MOVs are usually large and also require a large amount of torque. So, let us start with this article for troubleshooting problems in the MOV. Problem> MOV not operating as per command in remote mode Solutions: Problem> MOV not operating as per command in local mode Solutions: Problem> MOV has incorrect feedback. Solutions: Problem> MOV operating in the reverse direction. Solutions: Most of the time, […]
- [How to Troubleshoot PH Analyzer](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-ph-analyzer/): In this article, you will find how you can troubleshoot problems with PH Analyzer with each problem and its solutions. Introduction Welcome again to this maintenance job series of articles. This article is a little different from other articles as this will tell us about the maintenance job on the analyzer. Till now we have seen maintenance of different field instruments but here we will see pH analyzer maintenance jobs. We will now see the maintenance jobs for the pH analyzer. Problem> pH analyzer showing the constant value Solutions: Problem> pH analyzer showing low/high value Solutions: Problem> pH analyzer value fluctuating […]
- [How to Troubleshoot Control valve](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-control-valve/): In this article, you will find how you can troubleshoot problems Control valve with each problem and its solutions. Introduction I hope you liked our previous articles on maintenance jobs on various field instruments. Today we will see the maintenance jobs on the control valve. So, let us start with this article. NOTE: In this case, we will see air to open valve also known as air fail close valve. For maintenance jobs on air to close valves, opposite actions are to be considered. Problem> Control valve not opening/stuck at close position. Solutions: Problem> Control valve not opening fully and getting […]
- [How to troubleshoot DP type Level Transmitter](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-dp-type-level-transmitter/): In this article, you will find how you can troubleshoot DP type Level Transmitter with each problem and its solutions. Introduction Here we come with a new article on the maintenance of DP-type level transmitters. DP type level transmitters are used in various configurations like open tanks and closed tanks with either dry-leg or wet-leg type configurations. In this article, we will see the maintenance jobs on all such DP type level transmitters. Problem> DP type level transmitter showing Zero Solutions: Problem> DP type level transmitter showing low-value Solutions: Problem> DP type level transmitter showing high value Solutions: Problem> DP type […]
- [How to Download Siemens TIA Portal V19 trial version](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-download-siemens-tia-portal-v19-trial-version/): Siemens TIA Portal V19 is Here. In this post, I will show you the process of downloading the Siemens TIA portal V19 Trail version. TIA Portal is a complete software package provided by Siemens that completes all your automation needs from OT to IT. Siemens provides a 21-day trial version of this software for free. TIA (Totally Integrated Automation Portal) is a dedicated software solution provided by Siemens for configuring and programming SIMATIC PLCs and other Siemens products like HMI, Motor Drive, SCADA, etc. What’s New in TIA Portal V19? TIA Portal V19 comes with a lot of new interesting features […]
- [How to troubleshoot Temperature transmitters](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-temperature-transmitters/): In this article, you will find how you can Troubleshoot Temperature transmitters with each problem and its solutions. Introduction Welcome again to this series of maintenance jobs-related articles. This article will tell you about the maintenance jobs for a Temperature transmitter. Temperature transmitters are used along with RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) or thermocouple. Let us see the maintenance jobs for both of them. Problem>Temperature transmitter showing Zero Solutions: Problem>Temperature transmitter showing low or high value Solutions: Problem>Temperature transmitter value not stable Solutions: Problem>Temperature transmitter showing steady value Solution: Problem>Temperature transmitter incorrect in the field and on DCS/PLC/SCADA Solution: Problem>Temperature transmitter displays […]
- [How to troubleshoot DP type flow transmitters](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-dp-type-flow-transmitters/): In this article, you will find how you can Troubleshoot the DP type flow transmitters with each problem and its solutions. Introduction Welcome again to this series of articles on maintenance jobs related to instruments. Today in this article, we will learn the maintenance jobs for a DP-type flow transmitter. DP-type flow transmitters are used widely along with different primary sensing elements like orifice plates, venturi tubes, pitot tubes, averaging pitot tubes, and many more. So, let us learn the maintenance job procedure for the DP-type flow transmitter. Problem> DP-type flow transmitter showing Zero Solutions: Problem> DP-type flow transmitter showing low […]
- [How to Troubleshoot On-Off/Shutdown Valves](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-on-off-shutdown-valves/): On-off valve limit switch
- [How to Troubleshoot the Pressure Transmitter](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-troubleshoot-the-pressure-transmitter/): In this article, you will find how you can Troubleshoot the pressure transmitter with each problem and its solutions. Introduction Hello everyone. We are going to start a new series of articles in which we will discuss maintenance jobs. In this series, we will take all instruments one by one and we will see the problems coming in them and how to solve them. Today in this article we are going to focus on pressure transmitters (it can be normal pressure transmitters or differential pressure transmitters. So, let us begin. You will receive many problem statements from the operation department regarding […]
- [Understand the VMS system Signal flow](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/understand-the-vms-system-signal-flow/): Hello everyone. Today I am going to share knowledge on one important topic i.e. Bently Nevada System’s VMS system signal flow for vibration probes installed in the field. VMS Systems are used for monitoring rotating machine health through Vibrations Vibration probes are the most important instrument to protect the machine from getting damaged. Let us see how the field vibration probe is connected to the system and how we are able to see the value of the DCS. In this article, we are going to discuss the Bently Nevada 3500 Vibration Monitoring System. Elements in Bently Nevada VMS system (VMS) The […]
- [Top Vendors of Multiphase Flow Meter in the World](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-vendors-of-multiphase-flow-meter-in-the-world/): Multiphase Flow Meter is used in the Oil and Gas industry to measure the fluid flow of each phase (Oil, Gas, and Water). There are Only selected vendors are available in the word and in terms of price Multiphase flow meter very costly equipment at the current rate its cost starts from 150K$- 300K$. Multiphase flow measuring is very difficult and because of the price and technology angle, there are only a few manufacturers in the world. Multiphase flow measuring technologies are categorized into these two parts 1. Radioactive and Non-Radioactive ☢ But when we look into the overall general case […]
- [Standard Deliverables of Instrumentation for EPC Projects](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/standard-deliverables-of-instrumentation-for-epc-projects/): In this article, I covered the Standard Deliverables of Instrumentation prepared by EPC companies to execute EPC projects. Introduction If you are an instrumentation engineer and working in EPC companies or want to work in EPC companies then this article will really help you. The cost of the EPC projects is estimated in four phases Feasibility, Conceptual, FEED, and detailed Design respectively. During these four phases, there are multiple documents that need to be prepared by individual engineering disciplines. SR NO. PROJECT COST ESTIMATION phases 1 FEASIBILITY STUDY 2 CONCEPTUAL STUDY 3 BASIC / FULL FEED 4 DETAILED DESIGN EPC cost […]
- [Understanding Cause and Effect: A Comprehensive Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/understanding-cause-and-effect-a-comprehensive-guide/): Introduction In the field of engineering, the Cause and Effect chart holds one of the most important roles. Cause and effect charts are prepared by the combined effort of process and instrumentation engineers. After that person who develops logic for PLC/DCS uses this C&E Chart. Cause and effect charts are generally represented by a table (we will see an example of it later in this article). For any engineer, a C&E diagram is one of the most important documents. And it is generally prepared ESD and F&G systems. What is Cause and Effect? The C&E chart shows the relationship between the […]
- [Intrinsic Safety (Exi) | A complete guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/intrinsic-safety-exi-a-complete-guide/): In this article I will explain intrinsic safety from my own experience and what are the considerations you have to take. Introduction. Intrinsic Safety is one of the protection methods that is used to prevent explosion hazards due to electrical ignition sources. for a better understanding, I want to share my experience. As per the client’s spec, all instruments should be Intrinsically safe. But the experienced Instrument person the client himself didn’t know about the whole meaning of Intrinsic Safety. They just want Exia Transmitters but simply taking Exia certified transmitter will not justify an Intrinsic safe system. When I didn’t […]
- [Top EPC companies for Instrumentation engineers](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-epc-companies-for-instrumentation-engineers/): In this article, I will cover the world’s top EPC companies that are best for instrumentation engineers Jobs for instrumentation engineers are very vibrant. But put simply and as per my experience I divided it into three parts/sectors. CLIENT COMPANIES EPC COMPANIES OEM COMPANIES ARAMCO MCDERMOTT EMERSON RELIANCE L&T SIEMENS ONGC SAIPEM YOKOGAWA IFFCO TECNICAS REUNIDAS E&H BP LINDE KROHNE ExxonMobil PETROFAC VEGA etc. etc. etc. Classification of companies for instrumentation engineers I just shared the examples of course; I am unable to cover all of them because there are multiple companies around the world, some are multinational and some are […]
- [Top On-Off/Shutdown Valve Manufacturers in the World](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-on-off-shutdown-valve-manufacturers-in-the-world/): On-Off/Shutdown Valve: – The On-Off/Shutdown Valve is the act when emergency conditions are accorded in any process. Commands to operate the On-Off/Shutdown Valve come from an ESD (Emergency Shutdown System) system. On-Off/Shutdown valves are very important when it comes to operating in emergency conditions. The On-Off/Shutdown Valve is made up of the below-listed components. No On-off/Shutdown Parts 1 Valve 2 Actuator (Rotork/AUMA, Other Reputed Make) 3 Limit Switch (Neles, Other Reputed Make) 4 Solenoid valve (ASCO, Other Reputed Make) 5 Positioner (In rare cases) 6 AFR (ASCO, Other Reputed Make) List of Control Valve provides companies Around the world. This is […]
- ["Accuracy" in Instrumentation | Complete Explanation](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/accuracy-in-instrumentation-complete-explanation/): In this article, I will try to explain Accuracy terms in instrumentation in a much simpler way and what considerations you have to take care of while reviewing the vendor offers. Right now, I will explain only the practical aspects and what consideration is needed to take care of while you are reviewing the vendor offers. If you want to see an internationally defined definition of accuracy then you have to refer to VIM (International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology) published by ISO. Introduction Accuracy is simple yet poorly defined, manipulated, and misinterpreted by some unprofessional vendors. Before […]
- [Predictive maintenance: How can AI-based PDM reduce Downtime and Costs?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/predictive-maintenance-how-can-ai-based-pdm-reduce-downtime-and-costs/): Introduction: “Real industrial productivity relies on the good maintenance of the equipment.” Modern industries face many problems due to increased maintenance costs and unexpected downtimes. Though we have industrial automation (SCADA) and condition-based maintenance, this problem remains inevitable. Thanks to artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) transforming most businesses. Especially the role of AI-based maintenance in the manufacturing sector is enormous. it helps to identify equipment failure in much more advance than human intelligence. From cost cut-off to zero downtimes. From safety operations to improved maintenance, AI has much to offer. Now, let us see how AI-based predictive maintenance works […]
- [Understand Repeatability and Reproducibility](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/understand-repeatability-and-reproducibility/): Repeatability and reproducibility are two common terms used by engineers which confuse a lot of engineers. Repeatability and reproducibility are used to define the precision of any instrument or equipment. Today in this article we will try to clearly understand repeatability and reproducibility in a detailed way so that in the future these terms do not create any kind of confusion for us. Repeatability Repeatability is defined after measurements are taken under certain conditions like Hence, we can conclude that when measurements are taken by the same instrument/equipment, by the same person who follows the same method of measurement at the […]
- [All you need to know about IO List](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-io-list/): The IO List is a very important document for any instrument engineer. You can also download the Free industrial standard IO List sheet. The most common skills mentioned in every instrumentation design engineer job vacancy include the preparation of the Instrumentation index and IO list documents. I already shared information on the Instrument Index in my previous article You will simply visit by clicking Here Lastly, I will also share an example IO list format that I used for my projects so you can directly download it for your reference. Introduction The IO List gives overall information about all the instruments […]
- [Temperature measurement without Thermowell](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/temperature-measurement-without-thermowell/): In this article, I will show you how Temperature measurement without Thermowell is possible and what benefit you get. Introduction So, as you know when you have to measure temperature in any system you must require a thermowell to isolate process media and Sensor for Protection. But the selection of thermowell is very important and there are many issues are will be associated with thermowell. Whenever you have to measure the temperature in any pipeline you have to install a thermowell you must have to calculate the thermowell wake frequency calculation. Rosemount X well Technology Working Principle This Rosemont X well […]
- [How NAMUR NE 43 Standard help in Troubleshooting](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-namur-ne-43-standard-help-in-troubleshooting/): Today we will have a detailed discussion on the NAMUR NE 43 standard. This NAMUR NE 43 standard is widely used for detailed troubleshooting of transmitters working on 4 mA to 20 mA signals. What is NAMUR NE 43? It is a standard that is widely used for troubleshooting a transmitter failure working on 4 mA to 20 mA signal type. The NAMUR NE 43 has defined certain limits of analog values through which the system decides what is the problem in the transmitter. Why is NAMUR NE 43 required? In a conventional 4 mA to 20 mA signal, we can […]
- [All you need to know about instrument index](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-instrument-index/): The instrumentation index is a very important document for any instrument engineer. You can also download the Free industrial standard instrumentation index sheet. The most common skills mentioned in every instrumentation design engineer job vacancy include the preparation of the Instrumentation Index and IO list documents. I will share information on the IO list in my separate article so I stay connected. At the end of the article, I will also share an example instrument index format that I used for my projects so you can directly download it for your reference. Introduction The instrument index gives overall information about all […]
- [FREE to use Control Valve Sizing Software by Fisher](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/free-to-use-control-valve-sizing-software-by-fisher/): In this article, I will show you how you can download free sizing software and a free reference handbook on Control Valve by Fisher. As you know the sizing of the Control Valve is very important and for this, you must have sizing software to do so. In this article, I will share with you how you can download free sizing software for control valves by Fisher(Emerson). As an instrument design engineer having knowledge of Control valve sizing gives you an advantage in your career. And I also share one of the ultimate handbooks for Safety valves. Fisher Specification Manager Software […]
- [Free sizing software for Safety valves](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/free-sizing-software-for-safety-valves/): In this article, I will show you how you can download free sizing software and a free reference handbook on Safety valves. As you know sizing of Pressure Relief Valves is very important and for this, you must have sizing software to do so. In this article, I will share with you how you can download free sizing software. As an instrument design engineer having knowledge of Pressure Relief Valves sizing gives you an advantage in your career. And I also share one of the ultimate handbooks for Safety valves. Introduction As I said in my previous article Safety valve is […]
- [Standards for Pressure-Reliving Devices](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/standards-for-pressure-reliving-devices/): In this article, we learn about which are the standards that are set’s the guidelines for Pressure-Reliving Devices. What is Safety Valve? The safety valve is used as a layer of protection (Failsafe) and used to prevent overpressure in the system without providing any energy for operation. In industry generally, two terms are used interchangeably one is a pressure safety valve and the other is a pressure relief valve. As per API 521, the definitions are under Relief Valve: Spring-loaded pressure-relief valve actuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve, due to which the valve normally opens in proportion to the […]
- [Top Automation vendors in North America](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/top-automation-vendors-in-north-america/): Discover the top automation vendors in North America, offering cutting-edge solutions for automating processes and improving efficiency. There are many automation companies in North America. but some North American companies created an empire in the global automation market. When I categorized those companies, I was only looking for their sales specifically in automation and instrumentation products. It is also becoming that some companies have annual sales coming from other businesses-like aerospace, Health, Electrical Equipment, etc. but I did not count the selling amount from those businesses. After some hard work and some trusted information sources, I found these results. And this […]
- [Learn PLC Programming in 2023](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/learn-plc-programming-in-2023/): Introduction: – 2023 is here, According to online data PLC programmer’s salary is between $63,058 and $84,270 in the USA. in this post, I will share some Best Resources to Learn PLC Programming in 2023. PLC programming skill is a very popular skill in automation. By learning PLC programming, you will get an extra advantage for getting your high-paid job. There are two ways to learn plc programming one is paid and the other is free. The paid way is better because you get quality content and a much deeper explanation about plc programming and other knowledge, and the other is […]
- [Learn Siemens TIA Portal for FREE in 2023](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/learn-siemens-tia-portal-for-free-in-2023/): 2023 is Here, I will share with you all the Best Resources to Learn Siemens TIA Portal for FREE in 2023. As a Fresher or Professional personnel, Learning Siemens TIA Portal gives you a huge advantage. TIA (Totally Integrated Automation Portal) is a dedicated software solution provided by siemens for configuring and programming SIMATIC PLCs and other Siemens products like HMI, Motor Drive, SCADA, etc. Introduction Siemens is a leading OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) in the industrial automation domain. SIMATIC PLCs are the most popular plc in industries provided by siemens for completing all industrial automation requirements. TIA Portal is a software solution […]
- [How to Download Siemens TIA Portal V18 for Free](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-to-download-siemens-tia-portal-v18-for-free/): Siemens TIA Portal V18 is Here. in this post, I will show you How to Download Siemens TIA Portal 18 for FREE. TIA Portal is a complete software package provided by Siemens that completes all your automation needs from OT to IT. Siemens provides a 21-day trial version of this software for free. TIA (Totally Integrated Automation Portal) is a dedicated software solution provided by siemens for configuring and programming SIMATIC PLCs and other Siemens products like HMI, Motor Drive, SCADA, etc. What’s New in TIA Portal V18? TIA Portal V18 comes with a lot of new interesting features over TIA […]
- [Resources to Learn Yokogawa Centum VP DCS](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/resources-to-learn-yokogawa-centum-vp-dcs/): Introduction Yokogawa CENTUM VP DCS is the most popular DCS in the industrial automation market, especially in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Having knowledge about Yokogawa CENTUM VP DCS gives you more advantages in your career growth no matter if you are a professional or fresher in the industrial automation field. Yokogawa released its CENTUM distributed control system (DCS) in 1975, a world first. CENTUM VP is the ninth generation in the CENTUM series. And recently Yokogawa Centum VP R6.10 version was released. The architecture of Centum VP DCS Why is Centum VP popular? There are multiple reasons behind the popularity […]
- [Engineering Fundamentals | Accuracy and Rangeability](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/engineering-fundamentals-accuracy-and-rangeability/): In this article, I will give a complete explanation of accuracy and rangeability. Accuracy and Rangeability are the most important terms in engineering and at the same time also create confusion. And we know that precise control is only possible if we have accreted measurements of the control variables. Humans can’t measure anything absolutely. We are only able to measure different values that are generated by different devices. 1. Accuracy accuracy of any sensor is a functionof the precision of the reference it was calibrated against. B G Liptek There are multiple terms used by manufacturers to define the accuracy (Actually […]
- [How does a Differential Pressure type flow meter work?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/how-does-a-differential-pressure-type-flow-meter-work/): Introduction In this article, we are talking about how a differential pressure-type flow meter works and how we convert differential pressure values into the flow rate. In differentiating pressure type flow measuring method the flow through the pipe is directly proportional to the square root of differential pressure across restriction elements. So, we have to perform the square root of differential pressure to know the valve of flow through the pipe. The square root of the differential pressure value is either done from the transmitter side or the control system side. Flow Conversion (Linear to Square Root Conversion) Many times, we […]
- [What is Control Theory and Where to Learn?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-control-theory-and-where-to-learn/): Control Theory is the mathematical framework that gives tools to develop autonomous systems. In this article, I want to share ways to learn control theory. Control Theory is used everywhere from Drones, Autonomous cars, and Aviation to Rocket science. The Control system design part is very important in industrial automation. As an instrumentation and automation engineer having control theory knowledge gives you a huge advantage in your career and professional level. Based on my experience I want to share with you some of the resources that might help you to learn about control theory. Resources to Learn Control Theory 1. Youtube […]
- [Mobile App that helps Mechanical and Instrument Engineers](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/mobile-app-that-helps-mechanical-and-instrument-engineers/): In this article, based on my experience, I want to share with you one Mobile App for Mechanical and Instrument Engineers. Introduction Based on my experience and the day-to-day life use of the application for an instrument engineer. I want to share with you that you can also get help from this application. Generally, I used this app to know the dimensions of different mechanical components like pipes, valves, flanges, etc. An application called the pipe data app is freely available on the Google play store and if you want access to more features the paid version is also available. But […]
- [10 important differences between HART and Foundation Fieldbus](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/10-important-differences-between-hart-and-foundation-fieldbus/): Introduction Today in this article we will have a look at the 10 important differences between HART and Foundation Fieldbus. Foundation Fieldbus and HART protocol is managed by the nonprofit organization FieldComm Group. 10 important differences between HART and Foundation Fieldbus Topology In the HART system, each field device is connected to the system through its dedicated loop. While in the case of the foundation Fieldbus, devices are connected to the system in a chicken foot-type configuration. So, when a cable or loop fault occurs in HART, then only that particular device will go offline or malfunction. While in the case […]
- [Best Websites for Instrumentation Engineers](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-websites-for-instrumentation-engineers/): As an instrument engineer, I want to share with you which are the Best Websites for Instrumentation Engineers. As you notice that you will find much less information related to instrumentation compared to other engineering branches. But many hidden websites are available that share information and knowledge on instrumentation. Here are the best websites for Instrumentation Engineer >> Instrumentation and control (www.instrumentationandcontro.net) Article Topics Website Link >> Asad Shaikh (www.asad-shaikh.com) Article Topics Website Link >> Instrumentation Application (www.instrumentationapplication.com) Article Topics Website Link >> Control and Instrumentation (www.controlandinstrumentation.com) Article Topics Website Link >> ISA Interchange (www.blog.isa.org) Article Topics Website Link >> Instrumentation […]
- [Best YouTube Channels to Learn Instrumentation](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-youtube-channels-to-learn-instrumentation/): In this article, I want to share some of the hidden Best YouTube Channels to Learn Instrumentation. Introduction YouTube is a free platform for visual learning. In this post, I recommend the Best YouTube Channels to Learn Instrumentation It will help you to improve your knowledge of the Instrumentation domain. Here are the Best YouTube Channels to Learn Instrumentation 6. InstruNexus InstruNexus Topics to Learn YouTube Channel 5. Instrument Calibration Instrument Calibration Topics to Learn YouTube Channel 4. Instrumentation Academy Instrumentation Academy Topics to Learn YouTube Channel 3.Instrumentation & Control Instrumentation & Control Topics to Learn YouTube Channel 2. Calibration Academy […]
- [Dead Weight Tester | How to calibrate Pressure Gauge](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/dead-weight-tester-how-to-calibrate-pressure-gauge/): In this article, I will show you step by step process of pressure gauge calibration using a dead weight tester. Introduction Dead weight testers are widely used as a calibrating instrument for calibrating pressure sensing instruments like pressure gauges and sometimes pressure transmitters too. Dead weight testers come under the category of standard calibrating instruments. A deadweight tester can be used to generate pressure up to 60,000 psi. As seen in the figure, a dead weight tester has a piston cylinder-type assembly. A hand pump is provided which pressurizes the oil filled in the chamber which is also called an oil […]
- [Specifications of Operator and Engineering Workstations for DCS](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/specifications-of-operator-and-engineering-workstations-for-dcs/): Specifications of OWS (Operator Work Station) and EWS (Engineering Work Station) are very important in DCS. In this article, you can get information on what kind of Specifications of Operator and Engineering Workstations are for DCS. Special design specifications are considered for the Operator workstation and Engineering workstation. Specification of OWS (Operator Workstations) Display Specification Usually, the Display size is specified in SOW (Scope of Work) but the minimum 24″ LCD should be considered generally. Resolution is now considered FHD as the minimum for considering operator comfort for operation. Display must be flicker-free and glare-free to prevent uninterrupted and unwanted problems […]
- [What are Barriers and Isolators and why are they used in industry?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-are-barriers-and-isolators-and-why-are-they-used-in-industry/): In this article, I will share What are Barriers and Isolators and why are they used in the industry? In Instrumentation, safety plays a very important role while supplying power to the field devices in hazardous areas. Protecting the system against any fault which has occurred in the field is also very important. If the fault is not handled properly, then it can damage the system which costs crores of rupees in many cases.  For the protection of the system as well as maintaining the proper level of power to the field Instruments, barriers and isolators are used. Today in this […]
- [Site Acceptance Test (SAT) Procedure of PLC/DCS](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/site-acceptance-test-sat-procedure-of-plc-dcs/): In this article, I am talking about the Site Acceptance Test (SAT) Procedure of PLC/DCS and How it is done step by step for PLC/DCS. Site Acceptance Test (SAT) Procedure of PLC/DCS looks like FAT (Factory Acceptance Test) Procedure but some of the steps like firmware check and Scan time check. The main difference between SAT and FAT is some of the tests that happen in FAT in a factory have been repeated on the Site to check if PLC/DCS is properly functioning on the Site or Not. But During SAT some special precautions is need to take compared to the […]
- [All About 4-20mA Current loop in Industry](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/all-about-4-20ma-current-loop-in-industry/): Having a proper idea about the 4-20mA Current loop helps you in industrial instrument maintenance tasks and troubleshooting of problems. Introduction There are many electrical and other analog signals used in industry to transmit analog values from controller to field instruments or instruments to the controller. The most commonly asked question is why for analog signal transmission only 4-20mA signal is considered Not any other like 3-16mA, 20-45mA, 0-50mA Etc. We also have doubts that why we do not use voltage signals instead of the current signal. Ultimately PLC is reading voltage signals. Because in the end, we have to convert […]
- [Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) Procedure of PLC/DCS](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/factory-acceptance-test-fat-procedure-of-plc-dcs/): In this article, I am talking about the Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) Procedure of PLC/DCS and How it is done step by step for PLC/DCS. Check List of Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) Test Procedure of FAT Test 1: Overall System Configuration Check Purpose of TestTo verify the system configuration with respect to the approved System Configuration drawing. Test Procedure Test 2: Visual Inspection 2.1 System Cabinet and Marshalling cabinet Purpose of TestTo perform the Visual / GA check and Internal Arrangement for the System and Marshalling Cabinets. Test Procedure 2.2 Tabletop Console and Printer Table Purpose of Test To perform the […]
- [Job roles of Instrumentation Engineer](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/job-roles-of-instrumentation-engineer/): As an Instrumentation engineer this article is specifically made for you, you will find a detailed explanation of the Job roles of an Instrumentation Engineer. Generally speaking, you can find instrument engineers in two types of workplaces/fields as given below. As per the working place, the role of an instrumentation engineer is divided into two categories. I am not saying that these two job roles are fixed for all instrumentation engineers. The job roles of instrumentation engineers also vary from company to company. In this article, I will show you what you should generally expect as an instrumentation engineer and what […]
- [Industrial Level Measurement | Beginner Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/industrial-level-measurement-beginner-guide/): Level Measurement in industries is very important and critical. In this article, you can find out all about industrial level measurement with a free eBook. Industrial Level Measurements Why Measure level? Level terminology | Parameters Interface measurement finds the boundary between two liquids stored in the same tank in which each liquid has a different density. Density is a measure of the mass per volume Example: kg/m3 Specific Gravity is a ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of water, thus, 1. Volume only correlates directly to level when: 2. Volume measurements are in units such as 3. […]
- [Radar vs Ultrasonic Level Measurement](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/radar-vs-ultrasonic-level-measurement/): For Non-contacting type-level measurements, Radar and Ultrasonic are the most common techniques that are used in the industry. In this article, I will share Radar vs Ultrasonic Level measurement. Introduction Level Measurement is very important in the industry. Before we start a comparison between Radar and Ultrasonic Level Measurement, I want to share the basics of Level Measurement. For level measurement, there are multiple technologies available that are shown below. Radar vs Ultrasonic Level Measurement Resources For better practical understanding I recommend this training video by VEGA by clicking on the button. And recently, I also found this interesting free book […]
- [Hazardous Area Classification | Free Resources](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/hazardous-area-classification-free-resources/): Introduction A Hazardous Area Classification is defined as an area or an atmosphere that contains or may have sufficient quantities of flammable or explosive gases, dust, or vapors. In such an atmosphere a fire or explosion is possible when the three basic conditions of the fire triangle are met. Area classification is the method of analyzing and classifying environments where explosions can occur due to explosive gases. The main purpose is to facilitate the correct selection and installation of equipment that is safely used in this environment, taking into account the properties of the flammable substances present. Class and Division System […]
- [Orifice flow meter | Different types of Orifice plates and their use](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/orifice-flow-meter-different-types-of-orifice-plates-and-their-use/): Every one of you might have come across orifice plates. The primary sensing element we use most widely for measuring the flow of fluids. Very simple and with good accuracy, orifice meters are very famous in every industry for flow measurement. How does an orifice flow meter work? Orifice flow meters are the inline types of flow meters i.e. They are installed inside the pipe. The orifice plate is the primary sensing element. This element creates a differential pressure across itself. The upstream pressure is high compared to the downstream pressure. We take 2 tapings, one from upstream and 1 from […]
- [Specifications that need to be considered before selecting DCS](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/specifications-that-need-to-be-considered-before-selecting-dcs/): DCS stands for Distributed Control System. In this article, I want to share the Specifications of DCS. I want to share with you the specifications that need to be considered before selecting the Distributed Control System. Introduction As you know, DCS is a very complex part that is used for Industrial Automation. For DCS you have to consider many things and specifications before selecting DCS for your Plant. In this article, I want to share with you what are the minimum technical and functional requirements for the selection, testing, calibration, installation, and commissioning of Distributed Control System (DCS). It will help […]
- [Valve flow Coefficient (Cv) | Free tool for Cv calculations](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/valve-flow-coefficient-cv-free-tool-for-cv-calculations/): The valve flow coefficient is a very important parameter for the proper selection of any type of valve for industrial applications. In this article, you will learn all about the Valve flow Coefficient (Cv) | Free tool for Cv calculations. In this article, I also share a free tool for the calculation of valve flow coefficient as per process requirements. Introduction The control valve flow coefficient or Cv is the number of US gallons per minute (1 US gallon is 3.786 liter) of water that passes through a given area with a pressure drop of 1 PSI. Although the standard definition […]
- [Thermocouple Extension vs Compensating Cable](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/thermocouple-extension-vs-compensating-cable/): Learning about Thermocouple Extension cable and Compensating cable is important. In this article, I will explain Thermocouple Extension vs Compensating Cable. Introduction We will discuss thermocouple extension and compensating cables in detail, why we need them, and what is difference between them. Why do we need Thermocouple Extension and Compensating cable? We know that thermocouple is used to measure the temperature and it generates a millivolt proportional to the temperature and this millivolt is transferred to the temperature transmitter. Now, what if the temperature transmitter is located at a distant place? We will surely need an extra-long cable. We generally call […]
- [Temperature Area Classification | A Complete Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/temperature-area-classification-a-complete-guide/): Introduction For Hazardous locations, electrical equipment selection is made according to Temperature Area Classification. In this article, I will share with you the complete guide to Temperature Area Classification. What is temperature classification? Why do we need temperature classification? There are three ingredients responsible for Fire and Explosion. And it is known as the fire triangle or Explosion triangle. The heat source is one of the key ingredients for explosion or Fire. And as you know electrical equipment generates heat during its operation and in the worst-case scenario dusting short circuits is great extreme heat and sparks. it will become an […]
- [Introduction to Instrument Impulse Tubing](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/introduction-to-instrument-impulse-tubing/): Connections of Transmitters to the process are made through tubes and it is called instrument Impulse tubing. In this article, I want to share your basic knowledge about Instrument Impulse Tubing. Introduction In the field of instrumentation, we connect the transmitter to the process for measuring different parameters like pressure, flow, and level. As you can see from the below image. Now to connect the transmitter to the process, we use impulse tubing. Many people call this impulse tubing an impulse pipe which is totally incorrect. Because there are a lot of differences between a tube and a pipe. In impulse […]
- [Industrial Flow Measurement | A Complete Beginner Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/industrial-flow-measurement-a-complete-beginner-guide/): Flow measurement is very important in the industry. In this article, I want to share with you all one guide that helps you to learn about Industrial Flow Measurement. Introduction There are multiple technologies available for the measurement of Flow. in this Artic I am covering all the basics of Industrial Flow Measurement and the Best Useful free resources. Before we start learning about flow measurement, we have to learn about the terms below because it is very important. We one by one learn about these terms in simple language and examples for a better understanding of these terms. 1. Accuracy […]
- [Magnetic Flowmeter | Free Sizing Tool](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/magnetic-flowmeter-free-sizing-tool/): Proper Sizing of Magnetic type flowmeter is very important. In this article, I am sharing with you Free Sizing Tool for Magnetic Type Flow Meter. Introduction Before selecting the magnetic type flowmeter, we need to consider the proper sizing of the Magnetic flowmeter. Proper sizing of the Magnetic Flowmeter is very important before selecting the Right Mag Meter for Industrial Application. Before we go deep dive into the Sizing of the Magnetic flowmeter, I want to share with you basic knowledge regarding it. I will share an in-depth knowledge of Magnetic Flowmeter in my upcoming Article. Working Principles of Magnetic Flowmeter […]
- [Standards that are considered for Instrumentation Design](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/standards-that-are-considered-for-instrumentation-design/): Standards and Codes are very important for Instrumentation Engineers. This article is about Standards that are considered for Instrumentation Design. Introduction According to my previous post regarding Top Organizations that made standards for industrial instrumentation and automation. You already know which are the organizations that made standards for Industry. In this post, I list all the standards and codes made by these organizations that are related to the instrumentation field. My goal is to list out all the most commonly used industry standards that instrumentation engineers may come across. If you are new to this website and have not seen my […]
- [What is SCADA | A complete Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-scada-a-complete-guide/): SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. In this article, I want to resolve all your confusion about What is SCADA | A complete Guide. Introduction Many of you are confused about Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition after reading many articles on this topic on the Internet. In this article, I am trying to completely resolve your doubts on this topic. According to my latest article, you have clear knowledge about PLC and DCS. If you have not visited my article then please check out my article on what is the difference between PLC and DCS. Why there is Confusion […]
- [Pressure Gauge | Complete Selection Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/pressure-gauge-complete-selection-guide/): Pressure Measurement is Very Important in Industry. In this article, I will give you complete information about the pressure gauge and its selection process. Introduction Pressure Gauges are very important Mechanical devices. It translates mechanical movement into Pressure Value. Before we go into the selection process, we need to understand some basic concepts about Pressure Measures. As you all know Pressure is defined as a force per area. Classification of Pressure Before we start our article, we need to understand the types of Pressure we need to measure. According to Types of Pressure, measuring gauges are selected accordingly. So, let’s understand […]
- [Temperature Gauge | A Complete Selection Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/temperature-gauge-a-complete-selection-guide/): Temperature Measurement is very important in Industry. In this post, I will give you knowledge about Temperature Gauge | A Complete Selection Guide. A temperature Gauge is a Mechanical device made for Measuring Temperature. Temperature Gauges are the most common gauges used in Industry after Pressure Gauges. Types of Temperature Gauge There are generally two types of Temperature Gauges available on the market. Expansion Type TG is divided into different categories as given below. If you want to know the working principles of those gauges, I recommend you to watch this video. WIKA has been a renowned partner and competent specialist […]
- [Electrical Panel Components](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/electrical-panel-components/): Introduction In this article, you will learn about all the components that are generally installed in any electrical panel. What is an Electrical Panel and why is it required? What are the basic types of Electrical Panel? Common Components Used in Electrical Panel 1. Mounting DIN Rail A DIN Rail provides mechanical support to all the small electrical components and holds them together. Components such as Terminal blocks, MCB, Relays, etc. can be mounted on it. 2. Circuit Breakers This part helps for the protection of all the components in a panel from electrical faults, surges, etc. 3. Fuse Fuses are […]
- [Thermocouple vs RTD | A Complete Selection Guide](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/thermocouple-vs-rtd-a-complete-selection-guide/): Thermocouples and RTD are the most common temperature sensors and in this post, I will show a Thermocouple vs RTD | A Complete Selection Guide. Introduction You probably already know about the working principles of RTD and Thermocouple. In this post, we discuss how to select between RTD and Thermocouple for Temperature measurement Applications. What are the things that need to consider for selecting Temperature sensors for a Temperature measurement application? And I also share what are the codes and standards that need to be followed for Selecting Thermocouple or RTD. Basic Working Principle of RTD and Thermocouple I already assume […]
- [Codes and Standards for the selection of Control Valve](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/codes-and-standards-for-control-valve/): Control valve selection is a very important process in the industry. There are many standards and codes that need to be followed for selecting the right control valve. Introduction The control valve is very important in Industry. It is responsible for translating controller signals into actions on the plant floor. The control valve works as the final control element that helps to change manipulating variables for the process loop. Selection of Control Valve is very important because properly selected Control Valve adds many benefits to the industry. For selecting the proper control valve as per application there are multiple codes and […]
- [Best YouTube channels to learn Functional Safety in Process Industries](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/best-youtube-channels-to-learn-functional-safety-in-process-industries/): Safety and Security are the topmost aspects of process industries. In this post, I will show you the best YouTube Channels to learn Functional safety-related topics in Process Industries. IEC 61511 is Fictional Safety Standards for Process Industries. Multiple things need to be considered for maintaining Functional Safety in Process Industries. Functional Safety is divided into 4 Safety Life Cycle Stages as given below. For Each safety life cycle stage, there are multiple studies, analyses, and documentation prepared for functional safety. Like HAZOP, LOPA, SIL, and More. To understand all these things, I will recommend some of the YouTube channels to […]
- [Understand Modbus Protocol with Practical Example](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/understand-modbus-protocol-with-practical-example/): Modbus is a popular industrial communication protocol in this article you Understand Modbus Protocol with Practical Example. Introduction You must have seen in war movies an Army General using morse code to communicate with the ground force. Morse code used dots and dashes which were sent in patterns for the user to understand on the other end. Very cool indeed, right? Yes, it was cool but it had its pros & cons. So, from time-to-time Humans have developed many methods for communication between 2 ends eliminating all the previously faced problems. One of these communication protocols is Modbus. It was published in 1979 […]
- [What is the Difference Between PLC and DCS?](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/what-is-the-difference-between-plc-and-dcs/): In this article, you can find a complete understanding of What is difference between PLC and DCS using Practical examples. As you know PLC stands for Programmable Logic Controller and DCS stands for Distributed Control System. Probably You are watching this post becomes you don’t get a proper understanding of this topic after reading many articles on the internet. In this article, I am not focusing on the History of PLC and DCS. Basic Overview What is PLC? PLC is an industrial-grade computer designed for replacing old relay logic circuits used in Industries around 1960. PLCs perform Logical, Arithmetical, Counter, Timer […]
- [Standards and Specifications of Instrumentation Cables](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/standards-and-specifications-of-instrumentation-cables/): Instrumentation cables are a very important part of any process plant. in this post, I will give you information on the Standards and Specifications of Instrumentation Cables. Instrumentation cables look like a simple thing but for selecting some many standards and specifications need to be followed. Introduction Instrument cables are responsible for carrying transmitter signals from field to control panel and command signals from the control panel to field. The selection of proper instrument cables is a very important task for instrumentation engineers. Many specifications and standards will need to be followed while selecting instrumentation cables. Types of Cables used in […]

## Pages

- [Online Flange PT rating calculator](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/online-flange-pt-rating-calculator/): 🚀 Introducing: Online Flange PT rating calculator The ultimate tool for piping, process, and instrumentation engineers to eliminate flange rating mismatch hazards instantly. 📌 The Problem In industrial process piping, line classes are frequently designed using carbon steel (e.g., ASTM A105), while instrument connections and manifold flanges are specified in corrosion-resistant stainless steel this tool help Online Flange PT rating calculator (e.g., ASTM A182 F316). Because stainless steel exhibits significantly lower yield strength at elevated temperatures compared to carbon steel, an instrument flange and a piping flange of the exact same Class (e.g., Class 300) will have mismatched pressure ratings under design conditions. Failing […]
- [Cable gland selector tool](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/cable-gland-selector-tool/): Cable Gland Selector — Product Note & Disclaimer About This Tool Cable Gland Selector is a browser-based engineering aid that helps instrument technicians, electrical engineers, and project teams quickly identify a suitable cable gland size for any industrial cable. The tool covers the full range of cable types common in process-plant environments, including: The selector matches cable outer diameter (OD) against gland thread range tables and returns a recommended gland. When no exact match exists, it also surfaces the nearest alternatives. Additionally, a cable cross-section and side-view visualiser renders the internal construction in real time. Standards References The cable data in this […]
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- [Thermowell WFC calculator online](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/thermowell-wfc-calculator-online/)
- [Pressure Gauge Range Calculator](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/pressure-gauge-range-calculator/)
- [Disclaimer — World of Instrumentation (WOIN)](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/disclaimer/): Effective Date: July 28, 2026 Last Reviewed: July 28, 2026 This Disclaimer applies to all content published on worldofinstrumentation.com (“WOIN,” “we,” “us,” or “our“), including articles, calculators, embedded tools, and any linked social media content. It applies to all visitors worldwide. 1. General Disclaimer All information on this website is published in good faith and for general informational purposes only. WOIN does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability, or accuracy of this information. Any action you take based on what you find on this site is strictly at your own risk. WOIN will not be liable for any losses […]
- [Bookshelf](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/bookshelf/): Here is a Bookshelf specially created for Industrial automation and instrumentation engineers and students. On this page, you will find all the essential books on industrial automation and instrumentation that I hand-picked by me. All these books that are on this Bookshelf are helping you to understand the core fundamentals of Industrial Automation and Instrumentation engineering. Here you can find Paid as well as Free and open-source books that help you to grow your knowledge in industrial instrumentation and Automation. 1. Instrument Engineers Handbook 2. Lessons in Industrial Instrumentation 3. Plant Flow Measurement and Control Handbook Plant Flow Measurement and Control […]
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- [Copyright Policy — World of Instrumentation (WOIN)](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/copyright-policy/): Effective Date: July 28, 2026 Last Reviewed: July 28, 2026 This Copyright Policy applies to all content published on worldofinstrumentation.com (“WOIN,” “we,” “us,” or “our“), including the WOIN blog, tools, calculators, and any associated social media excerpts that link back to this site. It applies to all visitors worldwide, regardless of where you are located. 1. About This Site World of Instrumentation shares knowledge related to industrial automation, instrumentation, and process control with engineers, students, and professionals connected to these industries, globally. The information on this site is for general educational purposes to help readers improve their understanding of the subject […]
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- [Write articles for WOIN](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/write-articles-for-woin/): Wants to share knowledge on Industrial Automation and Instrumentation, build identity in the automation and instrumentation field then Write articles for WOIN. WOIN – World of Instrumentation Provides a platform for you. Write articles and share your experiences and knowledge related to industrial automation and instrumentation. Work with us grow with us Let’s work togather We paid you according to your work and we will discuss further after we get interest from you and send one email. you can also reach out to my profile on LinkedIn profile and you can directly send me a message. And you will able to […]
- [Download Free Resume Templates for Engineers](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/download-free-resume-templates-for-engineers/): I created clean and minimal resume templates specially designed for engineers. it will really help rapid development of resumes for any engineers applying for any job post. you can download this resume for free. Please Provide your feedback for improvement of this template if any part is missing then comment below. I am looking forward to design multiple templates in future. you can regularly visit this page for up-to-date information. And don’t forget to share with your engineer’s friend for helping them to build their Resume for upcoming job post. 1. Resume for Freshers 2. Resume for Professional End Note: – […]
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- [Privacy Policy — World of Instrumentation (WOIN)](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/privacy-policy/): Effective Date: July 28, 2026 Last Reviewed: July 28, 2026 Site: https://worldofinstrumentation.com This Privacy Policy explains what personal data World of Instrumentation (“WOIN,” “we,” “us,” or “our“) collects from visitors worldwide, why we collect it, how long we keep it, and the rights you have over it. 1. Who We Are WOIN is operated by Kishan Mendapara as an independent instrumentation and automation publication. For any privacy question, request, or concern, you can reach us directly — see Section 13. 2. What Personal Data We Collect a. Comments When you leave a comment, we collect the data shown in the comment […]
- [About Authors](https://worldofinstrumentation.com/about-authors/): I and my friend are really happy to announce our technical knowledge-based website on industrial instrumentation and control-related topics – WOIN (world of instrumentation). Kishan Mendapara is an Instrumentation & Control Design Engineer with 4+ years of hands-on experience in Oil & Gas, Petroleum Refineries, and Petrochemical projects. He specializes in EPC, FEED, and detailed engineering — covering control valve sizing, orifice plate design, thermowell wake frequency calculations, P&ID review, loop drawings, hook-up diagrams, and instrument datasheet preparation. Having worked on major international projects across brownfield and greenfield environments, Kishan brings real field and engineering office experience to every article on […]

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